Free Essays on Business Bankruptcy

Bankruptcy Bankruptcy is defined in our text as â€Å"when a business is unable to pay its debts as they come due.† (Daft 778) Small business owners never start their businesses with the intention of failing, however statistics show that in all likelihood they will not be successful. This fact reveals the importance of understanding bankruptcy even before a new business is formed. Small business owners who understand the bankruptcy law are better equipped when their business does not succeed, allowing them to minimize lose both professionally and privately. Prior to the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, debtors had few rights; their debt often resulted in imprisonment or involuntary servitude. When Congress passed the bill in 1978, debtors where awarded many rights including the right to petition for bankruptcy under federal law. This revised law has a two-fold purpose, first to protect debtors who have over extended themselves and secondly, to distribute the debtors assets evenly to the cr editors. The Bankruptcy Act of 1978 allows failed business owners to cut their loses and continue in new pursuits, making a file for bankruptcy a strategic business decision. Small businesses normally file under three chapters including chapters 7, 11, and 13. Chapter 7 deals with liquidations, Chapter 11 allows for reorganization, and Chapter 13 provides the debtor with individual repayment plans. Chapter 7 is also known as straight or ordinary bankruptcy, and accounts for the majority of all filings, seventy percent. The process starts with the debtor voluntarily filing Chapter 7 and then declaring all debts, or creditors forcing an involuntary petition. All of the debtor’s assets are then transferred to a trustee who sells the assets and distributes their proceeds to creditors, hence the term liquidation bankruptcy. All debts totaling more than the money given is then counted as losses by the creditor no longer considered the debtor’s responsibil... Free Essays on Business Bankruptcy Free Essays on Business Bankruptcy Bankruptcy Bankruptcy is defined in our text as â€Å"when a business is unable to pay its debts as they come due.† (Daft 778) Small business owners never start their businesses with the intention of failing, however statistics show that in all likelihood they will not be successful. This fact reveals the importance of understanding bankruptcy even before a new business is formed. Small business owners who understand the bankruptcy law are better equipped when their business does not succeed, allowing them to minimize lose both professionally and privately. Prior to the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, debtors had few rights; their debt often resulted in imprisonment or involuntary servitude. When Congress passed the bill in 1978, debtors where awarded many rights including the right to petition for bankruptcy under federal law. This revised law has a two-fold purpose, first to protect debtors who have over extended themselves and secondly, to distribute the debtors assets evenly to the cr editors. The Bankruptcy Act of 1978 allows failed business owners to cut their loses and continue in new pursuits, making a file for bankruptcy a strategic business decision. Small businesses normally file under three chapters including chapters 7, 11, and 13. Chapter 7 deals with liquidations, Chapter 11 allows for reorganization, and Chapter 13 provides the debtor with individual repayment plans. Chapter 7 is also known as straight or ordinary bankruptcy, and accounts for the majority of all filings, seventy percent. The process starts with the debtor voluntarily filing Chapter 7 and then declaring all debts, or creditors forcing an involuntary petition. All of the debtor’s assets are then transferred to a trustee who sells the assets and distributes their proceeds to creditors, hence the term liquidation bankruptcy. All debts totaling more than the money given is then counted as losses by the creditor no longer considered the debtor’s responsibil...

Zircon, Zirconia, Zirconium Minerals

Zircon, Zirconia, Zirconium Minerals Zircon may seem a bit drab next to those infomercials for cheap cubic zirconia jewelry. The zirconium minerals are a serious bunch. Zircon Zircon makes a nice gem but its out of favor these days. Zircon- zirconium silicate or ZrSiO4- is a hard stone, ranking 7 ½ on the Mohs scale, but other stones are harder and its colors arent unique. Tradition has a slim dossier on zircon; one site says that it was reputed to aid sleep, bring prosperity, and promote honor and wisdom, but hey, just having the money to own jewels is good for that. It does have some minor mineralogical distinctions. Its the only gem in the tetragonal crystal class, for what that is worth. And its the densest of the major gemstones, but that means a zircon of a given carat weight is smaller than any other gem of equal weight. Maybe zircon can gain more respect if we look at its value to geologists. Zircon grains occur almost everywhere there are sediments because the mineral is so tough. It rises through the crust in igneous rocks and is eroded into the stream system, washed out to sea, and laid down in the sediment beds where it becomes part of the next cycle of sandstone and shale- totally unaffected! Zircon is the ultimate geological recyclable; it can even endure metamorphism. That makes it a great indicator mineral. If you find it in granite in one place, and in a sandstone somewhere else, you have learned something about the geologic history and geographic setting that brought the zircons from the first to the second place. The other thing about zircon is its impurities, especially uranium. The uranium-lead (U-Pb) system of dating rocks has been refined to great accuracy, and U-Pb zircon dating is now a precise tool for rocks as old as Earth itself, some 4.6 billion years. Zircon is good for this because it holds these elements tightly. Zircon is usually pronounced ZURKn, although you also hear ZUR-KON. Zirconia/Baddeleyite Cubic zirconia or CZ is known as a fake diamond, but I think it should instead be considered a superior zircon. CZ is a manufactured oxide compound, ZrO2, not a silicate, and zirconia is a chemical name, not a mineral name. There is a naturally occurring form of zirconia, called baddeleyite. The difference between baddeleyite and CZ is the way the zirconium and oxygen atoms are packed: the mineral is a monoclinic  crystal and the gem is cubic (isometric), the same crystal structure as diamond. That makes CZ extremely hard- only diamond, sapphire, and chrysoberyl can scratch it. The United States stockpiles over 14,000 tonnes of baddeleyite for its zirconium content. Like zircon, it is useful for dating extremely old rocks, though unlike zircon its use is limited to igneous rocks. Baddeleyite is pronounced ba-DELLY-ite by most geologists, but those who know better pronounce it BAD-ly-ite. Zirconolite Zirconolite, CaZrTi2O7, is neither a silicate nor an oxide but rather a titanate. In 2004 it was reported to be even better for dating old rocks than zircon, yielding data as precise as the SHRIMP (sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe) instrument allows. Zirconolite, though rare, may be widespread in igneous rocks but not recognized because it resembles rutile. The way to identify it for sure is by using specialized electron microscopy techniques on the tiny grains before deploying the SHRIMP on them. But these techniques can derive a date from a grain only 10 microns wide. Zirconolite is pronounced zir-CONE-alite. The Geologists Gem To get an idea of what people can do with zircons, consider what researcher Larry Heaman did, as reported in the April 1997 Geology. Heaman extracted zircon (and baddeleyite) from a set of ancient Canadian dikes, getting less than a milligram from 49 kilograms of rock. From these specks, less than 40 microns long, he derived a U-Pb age for the dike swarm of 2.4458 billion years (plus or minus a couple million), just after the close of the Archean Eon in earliest Proterozoic time. From that evidence he reassembled two big chunks of ancient North America, tucking the Wyoming terrane underneath the Superior terrane, then joined them to Karelia, the terrane underlying Finland and adjacent Russia. He called his results evidence of the worlds earliest episode of flood-basalt volcanism or Large Igneous Province (LIP). Heaman capped himself by speculating that the first LIP could reflect either (1) the waning of a vigorous mantle convection regime that prevailed during the Archean and completely dissipated mantle plumes for more than half of Earths history, or (2) the time of catastrophic collapse of a stable density stratification in the Earths core that led to a sudden increase in heat flux at the core-mantle boundary. This is a lot to get out of a few tiny bits of zircon and baddeleyite. PS: The oldest object on Earth is a grain of zircon thats nearly 4.4 billion years old. Its the only thing we have from deep in the earliest Archean, and it provides evidence that even at that time, Earth had liquid water on it.

Law Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law - Research Proposal Example Moreover, will a sentence for a rich person be subjected differently as opposed to that of a deprived individual? Background A popular idiom denoting the above subject states that the civil law is intended for the wealthy while criminal law is for the deprived. Impartiality before the law is unproductive in an unequal civilization. Distant from having an integral structure that guards the poor against the affluent, there is a justice constitution that ditches the poor. There persists to be numerous people who state publicly that affluent criminals, even killers who have the capability to use costly legal representatives, are never killed, while the minority increase in penitentiaries while the majority are stood for by public protectors or, occasionally, by pro bono members in big law firms. It is not purely the governing decree itself, but the broadening gap flanked by the Have's along with have-Nots (Dorpat, 2007). It is those who direct some genus of white collar felony for which, if sentenced at all, the doers can pine in country-club penitentiaries whereas the hardcore offenders- turned to felony since they were unfortunate, starving or unlearned- did crimes to stay alive. The law might be unbiased, but fairness is hardly ever truthfully fair. Problem Statement One must gravely scrutinize how justice is described, traditionally, and then arbitrate the extent the law has diverged from its initial connotation: "fairness has been described as the eminence of being unbiased, the equivalent handling of equals, and existing in concurrence with the innate law and the heavenly plan. Fairness entails integrity in coping with others and matching people’s lives to truths and precision. This ill-fated background carries on underplaying the significance of the natural law in handling human cases. One key predicament occurs before any jury appearance: specifically, the law implementation agencies counting the police force, sheriffs and, since the eminence of 9/11 the termed Homeland Security authorities. This reflects in the judicial attitude towards the sentencing of the poor people (Ashworth, 2010). Frequently, the verdict of the jury on the rich people, if any subsists, is woefully derisory to facilitate them be sentenced to long term periods. The jury is perceived more as error finders as opposed to solution givers and colleagues in the Governments also undertake in this injustice. Hypothesis: The jury partakers will subconsciously deem a defendant’s financial background in the proposition of a verdict. Depicting the variable The Independent variable is a juvenile SFU scholar driving a 150,000 dollar vehicle and another youthful SFU scholar driving a 5000 dollar vehicle. The Dependent variable is the period that the culpable defendant is sentenced in a penitentiary. Participants/ Population The partakers of this venture include 20 scholars in a classroom framework. They include people from diverse backgrounds schooling in identic al circumstances. This is because of the minimal time period required to amass information on the required research. Research Design For this venture, the researcher has to collect the relevant information in class (about 20 individuals) with merely 10 minutes. Therefore, the questionnaire is deemed to be fairly short and has two examples of a similar case since the time frame is also squat. In addition, the procedure the researcher implores to investigate the hypothesis is by administering a